Zhao, Chaoyang and Escalante, Lucio Navarro and Chen, Hang and Benatti, Thiago R. and Qu, Jiaxin and Chellapilla, Sanjay and Waterhouse, Robert M. and Wheeler, David and Andersson, Martin N. and Bao, Riyue and Batterton, Matthew and Behura, Susanta K. and Blankenburg, Kerstin P. and Caragea, Doina and Carolan, James C. and Coyle, Marcus and El-Bouhssini, Mustapha and Francisco, Liezl and Friedrich, Markus and Gill, Navdeep and Grace, Tony and Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J.P. and Han, Yi and Hauser, Frank and Herndon, Nicolae and Holder, Michael and Ioannidis, Panagiotis and Jackson, LaRonda and Javaid, Mehwish and Jhangiani, Shalini N. and Johnson, Alisha J. and Kalra, Divya and Korchina, Viktoriya and Kovar, Christie and Lara, Fremiet and Lee, Sandra L. and Liu, Xuming and Löfstedt, Christer and Mata, Robert and Mathew, Tittu and Muzny, Donna M. and Nagar, Swapnil and Nazareth, Lynne V. and Okwuonu, Geoffrey and Ongeri, Fiona and Perales, Lora and Peterson, Brittany F. and Pu, Ling-Ling and Robertson, Hugh M. and Schemerhorn, Brandon J. and Scherer, Steven E. and Shreve, Jacob T. and Simmons, DeNard and Subramanyam, Subhashree and Thornton, Rebecca and Xue, Kun and Weissenberger, George M. and Williams, Christie E. and Worley, Kim C. and Zhu, Dianhui and Zhu, Yiming and Harris, Marion O. and Shukle, Richard H. and Weren, John H. and Zdobnov, Evgeny M. and Chen, Ming-Shun and Brown, Susan J. and Stuart, Jeffery J. and Richards, Stephen (2015) A Massive Expansion of Effector Genes Underlies Gall-Formation in the Wheat Pest Mayetiola destructor. Current Biology, 25. pp. 613-620. ISSN 0960-9822

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Abstract

Gall-forming arthropods are highly specialized herbivores that, in combination with their hosts, produce extended phenotypes with unique morphologies [1]. Many are economically important, and others have improved our understanding of ecology and adaptive radiation [2]. However, the mechanisms that these arthropods use to induce plant galls are poorly understood. We sequenced the genome of the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a plant parasitic gall midge and a pest of wheat (Triticum spp.), with the aim of identifying genic modifications that contribute to its plant-parasitic lifestyle. Among several adaptive modifications, we discovered an expansive reservoir of potential effector proteins. Nearly 5% of the 20,163 predicted gene models matched putative effector gene transcripts present in the M. destructor larval salivary gland. Another 466 putative effectors were discovered among the genes that have no sequence similarities in other organisms. The largest known arthropod gene family (family SSGP-71) was also discovered within the effector reservoir. SSGP-71 proteins lack sequence homologies to other proteins, but their structures resemble both ubiquitin E3 ligases in plants and E3-ligase-mimicking effectors in plant pathogenic bacteria. SSGP-71 proteins and wheat Skp proteins interact in vivo. Mutations in different SSGP-71 genes avoid the effector-triggered immunity that is directed by the wheat resistance genes H6 and H9. Results point to effectors as the agents responsible for arthropod-induced plant gall formation.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	Massive Expansion; Effector Genes; Gall-Formation; Wheat Pest Mayetiola; destructor;
Academic Unit:	Faculty of Science and Engineering > Biology
Item ID:	12370
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.057
Depositing User:	James Carolan
Date Deposited:	06 Feb 2020 10:47
Journal or Publication Title:	Current Biology
Publisher:	Elsevier
Refereed:	Yes
URI:	Publisher
Use Licence:	This item is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA). Details of this licence are available here

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