Gulev, Sergey. K and Thorne, Peter and Ahn, Jinho and Dentener, Frank and Domingues, Catia. M and Gerland, Sebastian and Gong, Daoyi and Kaufman, Darrell. S. and Nnamchi, Hyacinth. C. and Quaas, Johannes and Rivera, Juan.A. and Sathyendranath, Shubha and Smith, Sharon.L and Trewin, Blair and von Schuckmann, Karina and Vose, Russell
(2023)
Changing State of the Climate System (Chapter 2). In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science basis.
In:
Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 287-422.
Abstract
Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system
drivers, key climate indicators and principal modes of variability.
Chapter 3 considers model performance and detection/attribution,
and Chapter 4 covers projections for a subset of these same indicators
and modes of variability. Collectively, these chapters provide the basis
for later chapters, which focus upon processes and regional changes.
Within Chapter 2, changes are assessed from in situ and remotely
sensed data and products and from indirect evidence of longer-term
changes based upon a diverse range of climate proxies. The time evolving availability of observations and proxy information dictate
the periods that can be assessed. Wherever possible, recent changes
are assessed for their significance in a longer-term context, including
target proxy periods, both in terms of mean state and rates of change
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