Harris, Paul and Clarke, Annemarie and Juggins, Steve and Brunsdon, Chris and Charlton, Martin
(2014)
Geographically weighted methods and their use in network
re-designs for environmental monitoring.
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 28.
pp. 1869-1887.
ISSN 1436-3240
Abstract
Given an initial spatial sampling campaign, it is
often of importance to conduct a second, more targeted
campaign based on the properties of the first. Here a net-
work re-design modifies the first one by adding and/or
removing sites so that maximum information is preserved.
Commonly, this optimisation is constrained by limited
sampling funds and a reduced sample network is sought.
To this extent, we demonstrate the use of geographically
weighted methods combined with a location-allocation
algorithm, as a means to design a second-phase sampling
campaign in univariate, bivariate and multivariate contexts.
As a case study, we use a freshwater chemistry data set
covering much of Great Britain. Applying the two-stage
procedure enables the optimal identification of a pre-
specified number of sites, providing maximum spatial and
univariate/bivariate/multivariate water chemistry informa-
tion for the second campaign. Network re-designs that
account for the buffering capacity of a freshwater site to
acidification are also conducted. To complement the use of
basic methods, robust alternatives are used to reduce the
effect of anomalous observations on the re-designs. Our
non-stationary re-design framework is general and provides
a relatively simple and a viable alternative to geostatistical
re-design procedures that are commonly adopted. Particu-
larly in the multivariate case, it represents an important
methodological advance.
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