The Irish Penal Reform Trust (IPRT) is Ireland’s leading non-governmental organisation campaigning for the rights of everyone in the penal system, with prison as a last resort. IPRT is committed to reducing imprisonment and the progressive reform of the penal system based on evidence-led policies. IPRT works to achieve its goals through research, raising awareness, and building alliances. This collaborative report with Maynooth University School of Law and Criminology was commissioned by IPRT, and was generously supported by the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. The research team was led by Dr. David M. Doyle and consisted of Dr. Avril Brandon, Dr. Joe Garrihy, Dr. Amina Adanan and Prof. Denis Bracken. The research was guided by a voluntary expert steering group, chaired by Dr. Seamus Taylor (Maynooth University) and comprised of Khatuna Tsintsadze (Zahid Mubarek Trust), Dr. Lucy Michael (Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Specialist), Bashir Otukoya (Dublin City University) and Nuala Kelly (Pavee Point).