Academic freedom and institutional autonomy are currently under pressure in many countries around the world. The initial Inspireurope mapping report and the first report on national-level initiatives in Europe have already pointed out that the number of researchers at risk largely exceeds the available support structures. In the last two years, the contributors to this report have witnessed an increasing number of applications by researchers at risk. Attacks on the academic freedom of scholars and university students continue to curtail academic freedom by limiting what can and cannot be said in and out of classrooms, and additionally by encouraging self-censorship. They affect staff and students alike and range from loss of life and liberty to loss of professional standing, and employment. In some countries, this results from war or armed conflict, as in Ukraine, Sudan, or the Middle East. In other countries, the attacks follow in the trail of increasingly oppressive and authoritarian regimes. Afghanistan, Iran or Russia may serve as examples of countries where the risk of prosecution faced by scholars and students, and, particularly by female academics, has continued to be on the rise.