One of the most momentous events in the history of thought in the Middle Ages was the translation of Averro6s’sworks from Arabic into Latin by Michael Scotus. These works were brought by him from Spain to Paris by the beginning of the 1230s and found a home at the court of the Emperor Frederick II in the south of Italy. Within a few decades of the death of their author, a series of commentaries, short, middle, or long, became avail-able to Christian thinkers and Averroes became known simply as the Commentator. For the first time, Aristotle’s naturalistic approach to philosophical topics became available, as distinct from the religious tendencies of Neoplatonism. The reaction has long been documented: the rise of Latin Averroism, the reaction of Augustinianism, the middle way ofAquinas, the condemnations of 1277.