Keela, Kessie (2025) Glycoconjugate-based Anti-virulence and Detection Strategies for Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. PhD thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health threat, with fungal pathogens
increasingly causing untreatable infections. Among these, Candida albicans stands
out as a particularly urgent concern due to its prevalence, adaptability, and rising
resistance to antifungal drugs. Systemic infections caused by this pathogen can lead
to serious illness and even death, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This
thesis explores multifunctional glycoconjugates designed not only to block C. albicans
virulence but also to enable its detection using advanced diagnostic platforms. The
central hypothesis is that targeting fungal adhesion, a key virulence factor, can disrupt
colonization without exerting lethal pressure, thereby reducing the risk of resistance
development.
Chapter 1 discusses the synthesis of a library of aromatic core glycoconjugates (AGCs)
featuring divalent triazolyl β-galactoside motifs with different aromatic substituents,
aiming to disrupt C. albicans adherence to host cells. This structure-activity
relationship study revealed that lipophilic aromatic substituents with moderate steric
bulk enhance anti-adhesion activity, while computational analysis confirmed that
active AGCs adopt stable conformations favourable for enhanced anti-adhesion
ability. Selected AGCs from this study which incorporated electrophilic warheads
(vinyl sulfone, acrylamide), were examined for their covalent crosslinking capabilities
with nucleophilic amino acids and demonstrated fungicidal activity, showcasing the
first covalent glycoconjugates targeting fungal pathogens. A further collaborative
study also demonstrated the replacement of the aromatic core with heterocycles
coordinated to metal centres improved activity.
To extend their functionality, novel AGCs were conjugated to multivalent platforms
such as fluorescent carbon dots (CDs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and microplastic
(MP) beads, creating dual-purpose probes for therapeutic and diagnostic
applications. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis and successful conjugation of complex
carbohydrates to CDs, which effectively inhibited fungal adhesion and demonstrated
the utility of multivalent platforms. Chapter 4 presents the synthesis and
characterisation of Raman-active AuNP glycoprobes for a proof-of-concept detection method using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) and Broadband
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (BCARS). These probes also enabled rapid
colorimetric detection of C. albicans via surface plasmon resonance shifts. To improve
on the detection method MP-based glycoprobes were synthesised to enhance signal
clarity, reducing background interference, and enabling future multiplexed pathogen
detection.
Collectively, this work establishes a platform that combines anti-virulence therapy
with next-generation diagnostics. By leveraging adhesion inhibition and multivalent
glycan presentation, these probes offer a resistance-resilient strategy for managing
fungal infections. Integration with advanced spectroscopic and nanoparticle
technologies paves the way for rapid, sensitive, and multiplexed detection, with
potential applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and
antifungal drug development.
| Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
|---|---|
| Keywords: | Glycoconjugate-based; Anti-virulence; Detection Strategies; Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans; |
| Academic Unit: | Faculty of Science and Engineering > Chemistry |
| Item ID: | 21376 |
| Depositing User: | IR eTheses |
| Date Deposited: | 31 Mar 2026 10:40 |
| Use Licence: | This item is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA). Details of this licence are available here |
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