Liu, Shi and Hennelly, Bryan M. and Guo, Changliang and Sheridan, John T. (2015) Robustness of Double Random Phase Encoding spread-space spread-spectrum watermarking technique. Signal Processing, 109. pp. 345-361. ISSN 0165-1684

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Abstract

In this paper the robustness of a recently proposed image watermarking scheme, namely the Double Random Phase Encoding spread-space spread-spectrum watermarking (DRPE SS-SS) technique, is investigated. The watermark, which is chosen to be in the form of a digital barcode image, is numerically encrypted using a simulation of the optical DRPE process. This produces a random complex image, which is then processed to form a real valued random image with a low number of quantization levels. This signal is added to the host image. Extraction of the barcode, involves applying an inverse DRPE process to the watermarked image followed by low pass filtering. This algorithm is designed to utilize the capability of the DRPE to reversibly spread the energy of the watermarking information in both the space and spatial frequency domains. In this way the energy of the watermark in any spatial or spatial frequency bin is very small. To test robustness several common geometric transformations and signal processing operations are performed using both informed and blind detections for different barcode widths and different quantization levels. The results presented indicate that while the DRPE SS-SS method is robust to scaling, and JPEG compression distortion, it is especially robust to spatial cropping and both low and high pass filtering. Both random-watermark and random-host false positive cases are examined. The uniqueness of the watermark is demonstrated, and it is shown that the DRPE SS-SS has very low false positive errors, and that the larger the barcode width, the lower the false positive rate. Finally the effects of both printing and scanning are examined.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	Digital image watermarking; DRPE SS-SS; Robustness; Informed detection; Blind detection; Additive spread-spectrum;
Academic Unit:	Faculty of Science and Engineering > Computer Science Faculty of Science and Engineering > Electronic Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering > Research Institutes > Hamilton Institute
Item ID:	15453
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2014.06.024
Depositing User:	Dr. Bryan Hennelly
Date Deposited:	08 Feb 2022 16:55
Journal or Publication Title:	Signal Processing
Publisher:	Elsevier
Refereed:	Yes
URI:	Publisher
Use Licence:	This item is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA). Details of this licence are available here

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