Shevlin, Mark and Butter, Sarah and McBride, Orla and Murphy, Jamie and Gibson-Miller, Jilly and Hartman, Todd K. and Levita, Liat and Mason, Liam and Martinez, Anton P. and McKay, Ryan and Stocks, Thomas VA and Bennett, Kate M and Hyland, Philip and Vallieres, Frédérique and Valiente, Carmen and Vazquez, Carmelo and Contreras, Alba and Peinado, Vanesa and Trucharte, Almudena and Bertamini, Marco and Panzeri, Anna and Bruno, Giovanni and Granziol, Umberto and Mignemi, Giuseppe and Spoto, Andrea and Vidotto, Giulio and Bentall, Richard P. (2022) Measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) across four European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 22 (1). pp. 1-9. ISSN 1471-244X

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Abstract

Background: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7) are self-report measures of major depressive disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. The primary aim of this study was to test for differential item functioning (DIF) on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 items based on age, sex (males and females), and country. Method: Data from nationally representative surveys in UK, Ireland, Spain, and Italy (combined N = 6,054) were used to fit confirmatory factor analytic and multiple-indictor multiple-causes models. Results: Spain and Italy had higher latent variable means than the UK and Ireland for both anxiety and depression, but there was no evidence for differential items functioning. Conclusions: The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were found to be unidimensional, reliable, and largely free of DIF in data from four large nationally representative samples of the general population in the UK, Ireland, Italy and Spain.

Item Type:	Article
Keywords:	PHQ-9; GAD-7; Depression; Anxiety; Measurement invariance;
Academic Unit:	Assisting Living & Learning,ALL institute Faculty of Science and Engineering > Psychology
Item ID:	17891
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03787-5
Depositing User:	Philip Hyland
Date Deposited:	28 Nov 2023 14:37
Journal or Publication Title:	BMC Psychiatry
Publisher:	BMC
Refereed:	Yes
URI:	Publisher
Use Licence:	This item is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA). Details of this licence are available here

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