Downes, Shane G. (2024) Impact of the metal ion-chelating metabolite gliotoxin on bacterial systems. PhD thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth.
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2027-Shane Downes Thesis.pdf
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global problem and new ways of identifying
antibiotic targets are essential. Gliotoxin is a potent antimicrobial with broad
spectrum activity produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. The toxicity of gliotoxin was
previously attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulting from
conversion between the oxidised (GT) and reduced (DTG) forms. However, the
nascent zinc-chelating ability of DTG inspired research into a metallo-centric model
of bacterial growth inhibition. The ROS model has been augmented by work herein
showing gliotoxin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial whose toxicity is attenuated by
specific metal ion supplementation (zinc, copper). This finding was supported by
unbiased LFQ proteomics revealing gliotoxin induced perturbation of metal, primarily
zinc, homeostasis systems in both Gram-positive and -negative pathogens, including
Adc, Znu, and TonB metal uptake proteins, ribosomal remodelling to zinc free
paralogs, and the activation of the Fur controlled acinetobactin biosynthesis gene
cluster. Pre-formed DTG chelates caused growth inhibition, and promotion in the case
of DTG:Cu, positing DTG as a potential ionophore. This metallo-centric model was
supported by experiments showing DTG ejects zinc, copper, and iron from
chromogens (PAR, Siderotec™ Total, Siderotec™ HiSens). DTG also ejected zinc from
protein extracts in vitro. Despite this, DTG did not cause intracellular zinc depletion.
This multi-metal chelating ability was confirmed using mass spectrometric analysis to
detect DTG:Zn, DTG:Cu, and DTG2:Fe chelates. Thioacetylated DTG was synthesised
which requires future study but may be usable as an attenuated form of gliotoxin
which can be administered alone or in combination with antibiotics. Co-addition
studies using gliotoxin and vancomycin revealed a zinc dependent additive effect.
Proteomic analysis revealed significant alterations due to combination treatment and
perturbation of several key systems including cell wall biosynthesis and several
transcriptional regulators. Overall, this work provides new insight into the Pathfinder
role of gliotoxin in the fight against AMR.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD) |
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Keywords: | Biology; metal ion-chelating metabolite gliotoxin; bacterial systems; |
Academic Unit: | Faculty of Science and Engineering > Biology |
Item ID: | 20115 |
Depositing User: | IR eTheses |
Date Deposited: | 27 Jun 2025 10:15 |
URI: | https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/20115 |
Use Licence: | This item is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA). Details of this licence are available here |
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