The gastrointestinal (GI) tract experiences a myriad of mechanical forces while orchestrating digestion and barrier immunity. A central conductor of these processes, the enteric nervous system (ENS), detects luminal pressure to regulate peristalsis independently of extrinsic input from the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, how the �500 million enteric neurons that reside in the GI tract sense and respond to force remains unknown. Herein, we establish that the mechanosensor Piezo1 is functionally expressed in cholinergic enteric neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of Piezo1+ cholinergic enteric neurons drives colonic motility, while Piezo1 deficiency reduces cholinergic neuronal activity and slows peristalsis. Additionally, Piezo1 deficiency in cholinergic enteric neurons abolishes exercise-induced acceleration of GI motility. Finally, we uncover that enteric neuronal Piezo1 function is required for motility alterations in colitis and acts to prevent aberrant inflammation and tissue damage. This work uncovers how the ENS senses and responds to mechanical force.