Since the three main works discussed in this paper are orchestral, some brief observations should be made regarding the manner of musical quotation. Examples quoted from full scores are kept to a concise form and only the instruments relevant to the point under discussion are quoted. However, bar numbers are given so that further consultation with the full score may be facilitated. In Chapter 4, where balance within the whole orchestra is under discussion, brief extracts from the full score are quoted. In some instances in chapters 1 to 4, passages which are too long for quotation may be referred to, so inclusive bar and page numbers from the full score are provided where appropriate. Transposing instruments are written at concert pitch, as is the case in the original scores. Instruments which transpose by an octave are written in the normal way when they are allotted a separate stave, but in examples where staves are shared with other instruments, they are written at concert pitch. For greater clarity and uniformity of presentation, instrumental abbreviations are not used for musical quotes. However, standard abbreviations for the names of instruments are used in Appendix 2 as an aid to layout and visual clarity. Musical quotations which involve a harmonic summary may include enharmonic spelling so that pitches can be notated vertically. In the discussion of relative pitch relations in a context where the use of modes is highly relevant, solmization syllables are used in preference to the technical names for the degrees of the scale, since they convey more effectively the relationship between pitches in a modal or multi-modal context. The Italian spelling of these syllables (do, re, mi, etc.) has been chosen as providing the clearest form ofreference, rather than the anglicized spelling (e.g., doh) or the abbreviated d, now used extensively in pedagogical publications based on Kodály method. Also on spelling, due to the unavailability of certain Polish and Czech printed characters (the hatchek, for example), the surname Malir, pronounced 'Malirsh', is written with a Roman letter 'r' at the end and the name Lutoslawski uses a Roman letter 'l' without a diagonal slash in the middle ofthe word.