MURAL - Maynooth University Research Archive Library



    Enhancing Synthetic Image Realism with Controlled Diffusion Models


    Nosheen, Iqra, Farooq, Muhammad Ali, Corcoran, Peter, Ennis, Cathy and Madden, Michael G (2025) Enhancing Synthetic Image Realism with Controlled Diffusion Models. Proceedings of the 2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). pp. 1-8.

    Abstract

    In this work, we present an innovative approach utilizing ControlNet-based diffusion models along with upscaling capabilities for domain adaptation and quality refinement of 3D modelled synthetic datasets, focusing on autonomous vehicle applications. A significant domain gap often exists between synthetic and real-world data, hindering the applicability of deep learning models trained on synthetic data for real-world scenarios. Our methodology leverages the strengths of Controlled Augmentation by simultaneously utilizing multiple ControlNet signals, including edge detection, depth information, segmentation maps, and tile resampling. To improve how synthetic data aligns with the desired domain specifications, these signals guide the generative process, and we also incorporate text-guided prompts extracted via Large Language Models (LLMs), to improve control over the synthesis of desired features and attributes. We test the approach on diverse environmental conditions from the VKITTI dataset, a well-known 3D modelled synthetic dataset generated in Unity for autonomous driving research. The refined data is validated using quantitative metrics including FID, SSIM, and LPIPS, and is also evaluated on downstream machine learning tasks of object detection and classification, using YOLO-v8 to ensure its utility and effectiveness. Experimental analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in improving the realism and usability of synthetic data. Our approach contributes to fields that require high-quality data synthesis and domain adaptation. The experimental work, along with ControlNet models used in this project is available online.
    Item Type: Article
    Keywords: Diffusion models; domain adaptation; image realism; synthetic data; autonomous vehicles;
    Academic Unit: Faculty of Science & Engineering > Computer Science
    Faculty of Science & Engineering > Research Institutes > Hamilton Institute
    Item ID: 22024
    Identification Number: 10.1109/IJCNN64981.2025.11228158
    Depositing User: IR Editor
    Date Deposited: 07 Nov 2026 15:29
    Journal or Publication Title: Proceedings of the 2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)
    Publisher: IEEE
    Refereed: Yes
    Related URLs:
    Use Licence: This item is available under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike Licence (CC BY-NC-SA). Details of this licence are available here

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