Some traces remain of the immigration of individuals from France to Ireland, probably for reasons of trade and industry, in the late sixteenth and early seven teenth centuries. However, the arrival of French Protestants on a large scale took place in four successive waves: from 1662, after the Restoration; in 1681 and 1685, following the dragonnades in Poitou and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, respectively; after 1691 in the wake of the English Revolution of 1688 and the decisive victory of the forces of William III in Ireland over the Jacobite cause; and finally in 1752, as a result of a campaign in the Languedoc to enforce Roman Catholic baptism on those who continued to worship clandestinely as Protestants. Raymond Hylton is concerned with the first three waves, estimating that a total of between 8,000 and 10,000 French Protestants arrived in Ireland between 1662 and 1700 (pp. 81, 204), although other historians are more conservative in their estimates: 5,000, according to Alicia St Leger (Silver, Sails, and Silk: Huguenots in Cork, 1685-1850 [1991], p. 1); between 3,000 and 7,000, according to Charles C. Ludington ('Between Myth and Margin: The Huguenots in Irish History', Historical Research, lxxiii [2000], 4-13); and in reality, probably somewhere between 5,000 and 7,000 overall.