Direct gene transfer methods in potato would facilitate the transfer of multiple genes and the manipulation of metabolic pathways in this species. In this study, up to 1.8 transformation events per shot (=0.5 per bombarded leaf) and 67.2 events per million protoplasts treated were obtained with particle bombardment and PEG-mediated direct DNA uptake, respectively. Limited disassociation of both HPT and GUS genes appeared to occur during the process of integration in only 19% of transformants. A large number of transformed potato plants with transgene expression at levels comparable to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was obtained. High levels of GUS expression were only obtained in lines derived from PEG treatment. No correlation between the number of gene insertions and gene expression levels was found, suggesting that multiple insertions may have little or no effect on transgene expression.